CursoLección 62/87

Estilo indirecto: afirmaciones

"Going from direct to indirect speech, backshift the tense: present->past, past->past perfect, will->would, can->could."

La regla

Al pasar de directo a indirecto, retrocede el tiempo verbal: present->past, past->past perfect, will->would, can->could.

El estilo indirecto reporta lo que alguien dijo. Sí el verbo introductorio (said, told) está en pasado, los tiempos retroceden un paso: present simple -> past simple, present continuous -> past continuous, past simple -> past perfect, will -> would, can -> could, may -> might. También cambian pronombres y referencias temporales (today -> that day, tomorrow -> the next day). "That" es opcional. Con say no necesitas objeto; con tell SI: "He told ME".

Ejemplos

She said: "I am tired." -> She said (that) she was tired.

Dijo: "Estoy cansada" -> Dijo que estaba cansada.

He said: "I will deploy on Friday." -> He said he would deploy on Friday.

Dijo que desplegaria el viernes.

Elena told me: "I have reviewed the PR." -> Elena told me she had reviewed the PR.

Elena me dijo que habia revisado el PR.

Marta said: "I can fix the bug." -> Marta said she could fix the bug.

Marta dijo que podia arreglar el bug.

He said: "I bought a new laptop." -> He said he had bought a new laptop.

Dijo que se habia comprado un portatil nuevo.

She said: "We are deploying today." -> She said they were deploying that day.

Dijo que estaban desplegando ese día.

He said: "I'll send the RFC tomorrow." -> He said he would send the RFC the next day.

Dijo que enviaria el RFC al día siguiente.

Casos típicos

Present simple -> Past simplebackshift

"I work" -> he said he worked."She lives in Murcia" -> he said she lived in Murcia.

Past simple / present perfect -> Past perfecthad + p.p.

"I shipped it" -> she said she had shipped it."I have finished" -> he said he had finished.

Will / can / may -> would / could / mightmodal backshift

"I will help" -> she said she would help."I can do it" -> he said he could do it.

Say (sin objeto) vs Tell (con objeto)say / tell + obj

She SAID she was tired.She TOLD ME she was tired.

Cambios de tiempo y lugarnow->then, today->that day, tomorrow->the next day, here->there

"I'll do it tomorrow" -> he said he would do it the next day.

Trampas hispanohablantes

He said me he was tired.He told me he was tired. / He said he was tired.

Say no lleva objeto directo de persona; tell SI lo lleva.

She said she is tired.She said she was tired.

Sí said está en pasado, hay backshift: is -> was.

He said he will deploy on Friday.He said he would deploy on Friday.

Will retrocede a would en estilo indirecto.

Elena told that she had finished.Elena told me that she had finished.

Tell siempre necesita objeto (me, him, us...).

He said he has shipped it yesterday.He said he had shipped it the day before.

Past/present perfect -> past perfect; yesterday -> the day before.