Átomo 69

Modal perfect: must/could/should/might + have + p.p.

La regla

Modal + have + participio para hipotesis y juicios sobre el pasado.

"Modal + have + past participle for hypotheses and judgements about the past."

Los modales perfectos hablan del pasado pero con la perspectiva de un modal. "Must have done" = estoy seguro de que ocurrio ("She must have left already" - su silla está vacia). "Could have done" = era posible (no necesariamente paso) o capacidad no usada ("We could have shipped on Friday" - pero no lo hicimos). "Should have done" = lamento o reproche ("I should have reviewed the logs"). "Might/may have done" = quiza ocurrio (incertidumbre). "Can't have done" = imposible. La estructura es siempre la misma: modal + HAVE + participio.

Ejemplos

She must have left already.

Tiene que haberse ido ya.

💡 Seguridad sobre el pasado.

We could have shipped on Friday.

Habriamos podido lanzar el viernes.

💡 Posibilidad no realizada.

I should have reviewed the logs.

Tendria que haber revisado los logs.

💡 Lamento.

Marta might have forgotten the meeting.

Quizas Marta se olvido de la reunion.

He can't have pushed to main; he's on holiday.

Es imposible que haya hecho push a main; está de vacaciones.

The deploy may have triggered the bug.

Puede que el deploy disparara el bug.

You shouldn't have shared the password.

No deberias haber compartido la contrasena.

Casos típicos

Seguridad: must have + p.p.must have + p.p.

She must have known.It must have been the cache.

Posibilidad pasada: could/might/may have + p.p.could/might/may have + p.p.

He could have called.She might have left.It may have been the bug.

Lamento o reproche: should/shouldn't have + p.p.should have + p.p.

I should have tested it.You shouldn't have merged it.

Imposibilidad: can't / couldn't have + p.p.can't have + p.p.

He can't have done it.She couldn't have known.

Posibilidad no realizada (capacidad pasada)could have + p.p.

We could have shipped on Friday (but didn't).

Trampas hispanohablantes

She must has left.She must have left.

Tras modal SIEMPRE va have, no has.

I should reviewed the logs.I should have reviewed the logs.

Falta have. Estructura: should + have + p.p.

He must of left already.He must have left already.

"Must of" es error fonético de "must've". Lo correcto es have.

We could shipped on Friday.We could have shipped on Friday.

Could have + p.p. para posibilidad pasada.

She mustn't have left (en sentido de imposible).She can't have left.

Para imposibilidad pasada se usa can't have, no mustn't have.

Mini-quiz

1/7."Tiene que haberse ido ya":

2/7.Lamento sobre el pasado:

3/7.Imposibilidad pasada:

He pushed to main; he's on holiday.

4/7.Posibilidad: "Marta ___ ___ forgotten the meeting."

Marta forgotten the meeting.

5/7.Cual es INCORRECTA?

6/7.Capacidad no usada: "We ___ ___ shipped on Friday (pero no lo hicimos)."

We shipped on Friday.

7/7.Reproche en negativo:

You shared the password.