Átomo 85

Pasiva avanzada: 'It is said to...', 'X is said to have...', causativa 'have sth done'

La regla

Pasivas avanzadas: 'It is said/believed/reported that + clausula' o 'X is said/believed to + infinitivo (perfecto sí pasado)'. Causativa pasiva: 'have/get + objeto + participio'.

"Advanced passives: 'It is said/believed/reported that + clause' or 'X is said/believed to + infinitive (perfect if past)'. Causative passive: 'have/get + object + past participle'."

Hay tres usos avanzados de la pasiva muy frecuentes en periodismo y registro académico: (1) IMPERSONAL: 'It is said/believed/reported/thought/claimed that X' — para informar sin atribuir directamente. (2) PASIVA CON INFINITIVO: 'X is said to be the best' (presente) / 'X is said to have done Y' (referido al pasado). (3) CAUSATIVA: 'I had my laptop repaired' = pague/encargue que me la reparasen. Construccion: 'have/get + objeto + participio'. Util para tramites: 'I'm getting my visa renewed', 'We had the codebase audited'. La causativa es muy común en inglés cotidiano (BrE/AmE) y suele traducirse al español como 'mandar/encargar/hacer que + alguien + verbo'. C1 espera que domines la diferencia entre 'I repaired my laptop' (lo arregle yo) y 'I had my laptop repaired' (me lo arreglaron).

Ejemplos

It is said that the new framework improves performance significantly.

Se dice que el nuevo framework mejora el rendimiento significativamente.

The CEO is believed to have approved the deal last night.

Se cree que el CEO aprobo el trato anoche.

💡 Pasado -> 'to have + participio'.

AI is reported to be transforming software development.

Se informa que la IA está transformando el desarrollo de software.

I had my laptop repaired at the Apple Store.

Me arreglaron el portatil en la Apple Store.

💡 Causativa pasiva: yo no lo arregle, lo encargue.

We're getting the codebase audited next week.

Vamos a hacer que auditen el código la semana que viene.

It is widely believed that remote work increases productivity.

Se cree ampliamente que el trabajo remoto aumenta la productividad.

The bug is thought to have been introduced in the last release.

Se cree que el bug se introdujo en la última release.

💡 Pasiva perfecta + infinitivo perfecto: 'to have been introduced'.

I need to get my hair cut before the wedding.

Tengo que cortarme el pelo antes de la boda.

💡 Causativa con 'get'.

Casos típicos

Pasiva impersonal con clausulaIt is said/believed/thought/reported that + S + V

It is said that he will resignIt is believed that the data is safe

Pasiva con infinitivo (presente)S + is/are said/believed to + bare infinitive

He is said to be a geniusThey are believed to live in Murcia

Pasiva con infinitivo perfecto (pasado)S + is/are said/believed to have + V-ed

She is said to have studied at OxfordThe bug is thought to have caused the outage

Causativa pasiva: encargar algohave/get + objeto + V-ed

I had my car repairedShe got her hair cut

Causativa con experiencia (algo que te pasa)have + objeto + V-ed (sentido sufrir)

He had his wallet stolen on the busI had my photo taken without permission

Trampas hispanohablantes

It is said the framework is fast.It is said that the framework is fast.

En registro formal, no omitas 'that' tras 'it is said/believed/reported'.

The CEO is believed to approved the deal.The CEO is believed to have approved the deal.

Sí el evento es pasado, usa infinitivo perfecto: 'to have + participio'.

I repaired my laptop at the Apple Store.I had my laptop repaired at the Apple Store.

Sí lo arreglaron por ti (no tu mismo), usa la causativa pasiva: 'had + objeto + participio'.

I had my laptop to repair.I had my laptop repaired.

Causativa pasiva: 'have + objeto + PARTICIPIO', no infinitivo.

The bug is thought to introduced in the last release.The bug is thought to have been introduced in the last release.

Pasiva perfecta + infinitivo: 'to have been + participio'.

Mini-quiz

1/6.Pasiva impersonal:

2/6.El CEO aprobo el trato anoche (pasado, pasiva impersonal). Cual es correcto?

3/6.Completa con causativa pasiva: 'I ___ my laptop repaired at the Apple Store.'

Imy laptop repaired at the Apple Store.

4/6.Yo no me corte el pelo, lo hizo el peluquero:

5/6.Cual es correcto?

6/6.Causativa con 'get': 'We're ___ the codebase audited next week.'

We'rethe codebase audited next week.