Átomo 87

Clausulas de participio: -ing y -ed reducidas

La regla

Reduce subordinadas a clausulas con participio: -ing (activo/simultaneo), -ed (pasivo), having + V-ed (anterioridad). El sujeto debe coincidir con el de la oracion principal.

"Reduce subordinate clauses with participles: -ing (active/simultaneous), -ed (passive), having + V-ed (anterior). The subject must match the main clause."

Las clausulas de participio son una de las marcas más claras del registro C1. Reducen una subordinada en una frase compacta y elegante. Tres tipos: (1) -ING para acción activa o simultanea: 'Walking down the street, I saw an accident' = mientras caminaba. (2) -ED para sentido pasivo o resultado: 'Built in 1850, the church is a landmark' = que fue construida. (3) HAVING + V-ED para acción anterior: 'Having finished work, I went home' = despues de terminar. REGLA DE ORO: el sujeto implicito de la clausula de participio debe ser el mismo que el de la principal. Sí no coincide, tienes un 'dangling participle' (participio colgante), error clasico: 'Walking down the street, the church looked beautiful' implica que la iglesia caminaba. Lo correcto: 'Walking down the street, I thought the church looked beautiful'. Muy comunes en escritura formal y narrativa; raras en habla coloquial.

Ejemplos

Walking down the street, I saw a beautiful sunset.

Mientras caminaba por la calle, vi un atardecer precioso.

💡 -ing simultaneo.

Built in 1850, the cathedral is a UNESCO site.

Construida en 1850, la catedral es patrimonio UNESCO.

💡 -ed pasivo.

Having finished the report, I went home.

Tras terminar el informe, me fui a casa.

💡 Having + V-ed = anterioridad.

Feeling exhausted after the deploy, I took the rest of the day off.

Sintiendome agotado tras el despliegue, me cogi el resto del día libre.

Written in TypeScript, the new module is much easier to maintain.

Escrito en TypeScript, el nuevo módulo es mucho más fácil de mantener.

Having lived in Murcia all my life, I know every corner of the city.

Habiendo vivido en Murcia toda mi vida, conozco cada rincon de la ciudad.

Not knowing what to say, she remained silent.

Sin saber que decir, permanecio en silencio.

💡 Negacion: 'Not + V-ing'.

Asked about the bug, the developer admitted the mistake.

Cuando se le pregunto sobre el bug, el desarrollador admitio el error.

💡 -ed pasivo con sentido temporal.

Casos típicos

Acción simultanea o causa (activo)V-ing + ..., main clause

Walking home, I called ElenaFeeling tired, I went to bed

Sentido pasivo o resultadoV-ed + ..., main clause

Built in 1850, ...Written by Shakespeare, ...Asked about it, ...

Acción anterior a la principalHaving + V-ed + ..., main clause

Having finished, ...Having lived there for years, ...

Acción anterior pasivaHaving been + V-ed + ..., main clause

Having been warned, he was carefulHaving been told the truth, she felt relieved

Negacion del participioNot + V-ing / Not having + V-ed

Not knowing the answer, I kept quietNot having slept well, I felt awful

Trampas hispanohablantes

Walking down the street, the church looked beautiful.Walking down the street, I thought the church looked beautiful.

Dangling participle: la iglesia no caminaba. El sujeto del participio debe coincidir con el de la principal.

Finished the report, I went home.Having finished the report, I went home.

Para anterioridad activa, usa 'Having + V-ed'. 'Finished' solo (sin auxiliar) seria pasivo: 'Finished by Friday, the report was sent'.

Building in 1850, the cathedral is famous.Built in 1850, the cathedral is famous.

Sentido pasivo (la catedral fue construida) -> participio pasado (-ed/built), no -ing.

Don't knowing the answer, I kept quiet.Not knowing the answer, I kept quiet.

La negacion del participio es 'Not + V-ing', nunca 'Don't + V-ing'.

Having finished, then I went home.Having finished, I went home.

Tras la clausula de participio NO se aniade 'then'. La conexion temporal ya está implicita.

Mini-quiz

1/6.Sentido pasivo (la iglesia fue construida):

2/6.Anterioridad activa: '___ finished work, I went home.'

finished work, I went home.

3/6.Cual frase tiene un DANGLING PARTICIPLE?

4/6.Negacion del participio:

5/6.Reescribe en participio: 'Because she had lived in Murcia all her life, she knew every corner.' -> '___ in Murcia all her life, she knew every corner.'

in Murcia all her life, she knew every corner.

6/6.Cual es correcto en C1 formal?